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·Performing and Reliable Wireless

·The growing ubiquity of wireless devices combined with the advent of mobility applications requires businesses to be diligent in managing inference throughout their deployments.

·The many wireless technologies and commonplace electric devices already in use and newly emerging impede wireless performance.

·RF interference can be a major inhibitor to wireless performance, creating security vulnerabilities and wireless network instability.

This Section exposes the top 20 most pervasive myths around wireless interference.

Myth #1: “The only interference problems are from other 802.11 networks.”

oThere are a tremendous number of 802.11 devices out there. It is true that the other 802.11networks can cause interference with your network. This type of interference is known as co channel and adjacent channel interference. But since other 802.11 devices follow the same protocol, they tend to work cooperatively—that is, two access points on the same channel will share the channel capacity.

oIn reality, the many other types of devices emitting in the unlicensed band dwarf the number of 802.11 devices. These devices include microwave ovens, cordless phones, Bluetooth devices, wireless video cameras, outdoor microwave links, wireless game controllers, Zigbee devices, fluorescent lights, WiMAX, and so on. Even bad electrical connections can cause broad RF

ospectrum emissions. These non-802.11 types of interference typically don’t work cooperatively with 802.11 devices, and can cause significant loss of throughput. In addition, they can cause secondary effects such as rate back-off, in which retransmissions caused by interference trick the 802.11 devices into thinking that they should use lower data rates than appropriate.

Summary:

oThe unlicensed band is an experiment by the FCC in unregulated spectrum sharing.

oThe experiment has been a great success so far, but there are significant challenges posed by RF interference that need to be given proper attention.

Myth #2: “My network seems to be working, so interference must not be a problem.”

oThe 802.11 protocol is designed to be somewhat resilient to interference. When an 802.11 device senses an interference burst occurring before it has started its own transmission, it will hold off transmission until the interference burst is finished. If the interference burst starts in the middle of an ongoing 802.11 transmission (and results in the packet not being received properly), the lack of an acknowledgement packet will cause the transmitter to resend the packet. In the end, the packets generally get through. The result of all these hold-off's and retransmissions, however, is that the throughput and capacity of your wireless network are significantly impacted.

oFor example, microwave ovens emit interference on a 50 percent duty cycle (as they cycle on and off with the 60-Hz AC power). This means that a microwave oven operating at the same frequency as one of your 802.11 access points can reduce the effective throughput and capacity of your access by 50 percent. So, if your access point was designed to achieve 24 Mbps, it may now be reduced to 12 Mbps in the vicinity of the microwave when it operates. If your only application on the WLAN is convenience data networking (for example, Web surfing), this loss of throughput may not be immediately obvious. But as you add capacity and latency-sensitive applications such as voice over Wi-Fi your network, controlling the impact of interference will become a critical issue.

Summary:

oInterference is out there. It’s just a silent killer thus far.

Myth #3: “I did an RF sweep before deployment. So I found all the interference sources.”

oOne of the most troubling issues about interference is that it is often intermittent in nature.

oThe interference may occur only at certain times of day—for example, when someone is operating a device such as a cordless headset—or on certain days of the week. So, unless an initial sweep is done for an extended time, it’s very easy to miss sources of interference. And even if the sweep was extensive (for example, making measurement in each area for 24 hours), things change overtime.

oIt’s very easy for someone to introduce one of the many devices that operate in the unlicensed band into your environment. No amount of periodic sweeping can truly guarantee that you have an interference-free environment.

Summary:

oYou can’t sweep away the interference problem. Microwave ovens, cordless phones, Bluetooth devices, wireless video cameras, outdoor microwave links, wireless game controllers, Zigbee devices, fluorescent lights, WiMAX devices, and even bad electrical connections—all these things can cause broad RF spectrum emissions. These non-802.11 types of interference typically don’t work cooperatively with 802.11 devices.

Myth #4: “My infrastructure equipment automatically detects interference.”

oSome of the newer, switch-based WLAN infrastructure products provide a level of RF interference management. With their 802.11 chipsets, these solutions detect the presence of non-802.11 signals.

oAnd in response to detection, they can change the 802.11 channel of the APs in the area of the interference. An issue with this approach is that it doesn’t solve many of the problems that are out there.

oSome interfering devices—for example, Bluetooth devices, cordless phones, 802.11FH devices, jamming emissions) are broadband, so it’s not possible to change channels away from them: they are everywhere in the band. And even for devices that operate on a static frequency, it can be challenging to manage channel assignments in a large, cell-based network.

oIn the end, it’s critical that you be able to analyse the source of interference—that is, identify what the device is and where it is located—in order to determine the best course of action to handle the interference. In many cases, this “best action” will be removing the device from the premises. In other cases, the response may be to move or shield the device from impacting the network.

Summary:

oSimple, automated-response-to-interference products are helpful, but they aren’t a substitute for understanding of the underlying problem.

oAll contents are Copyright © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.

Myth #5: “I can overcome interference by having a high density of access points.”

oThe inexpensive nature of 802.11 access points makes it tempting to deploy them with very high density.

oFor example, some networks are being deployed with an AP in every room.

oThis type of deployment has the benefit of greatly increasing the capacity of the network by allowing “spatial reuse” of the spectrum. It seems intuitive that by having more APs spread around, it’s more likely

othat a client will be able to operate successfully even when interference is present.

oUnfortunately, when you deploy a dense network of access points, it’s necessary to reduce the transmit signal power of each of the access points. If you don’t reduce the power, the access points generate interference to each other, a phenomenon known as co-channel interference.

oThe reduction in the transmit power of the access point exactly offsets the potential benefit of interference immunity. So in the end, the interference immunity of a network with a dense deployment of access points is not significantly better than that of a less dense deployment.

Summary:

oIt’s reasonable to over-design your network for capacity, but a high density of access points is no panacea for interference.

Myth #6: “I can analyse interference problems with my packet sniffer.”

o802.11 packet sniffer products suffer from the same problem as WLAN infrastructure equipment: they can see only what the 802.11 chips tell them.

oThey can tell you about secondary indicators of interference, such as increased retransmissions and lower data rates, but they can’t analyse interference problems, determine the cause of the interference, and help you find where the interfering device is located.

oA second problem with the data from 802.11 chips is that power measurements are typically un calibrated. This means that the data you receive from an 802.11 chip about the signal strength of an access point (or other device) can usually not be expressed reliably in absolute dBm units.

oAs a result, it is very difficult to put meaning on the numbers that packet sniffer devices report.

Summary:

oYou need the right tool for analysing interference. In the end, it’s critical that you be able to analyse the source of interference in order to determine the best course of action to handle the interference. In many cases, the best action will be removing the device from the premises.

Myth #7: “I have a wireless policy that doesn’t allow interfering devices into the premises.”

oHaving a wireless policy is a good first step in tackling the interference problem. But no policy is effective without enforcement. One of the great attributes of unlicensed band wireless devices is that they are inexpensive and widely available. As a result, it’s very easy for employees to purchase these devices and bring them to work. In many cases, these employees are not even aware that a particular device may cause interference with your wireless network.

oAnd some devices like cordless headsets and microwave ovens may be a necessary part of your business, so they can’t be completely disallowed.

Summary:

oYou have to expect that interfering devices will sneak onto your premises.

Myth #8: “There is no interference at 5 GHz.”

oIt is generally true that fewer devices currently operating at 5 GHz are causing interference as compared to 2.4-GHz devices. But this will change over time. Just as everyone moved from 900 MHz to 2.4 GHz to avoid interference, the “band jumping” effect will catch up with 5 GHz.

oSome devices that already exist at 5 GHz include cordless phones, radar, perimeter sensors, and digital satellite.

Summary:

oYou can run, but you can’t hide.

Myth #9: “I’ll hire a consultant to solve any interference problems I run into.”

oIf you have been running a WLAN for some time, you will know that there are frequent instances where your network doesn’t operate perfectly. Without having your own visibility into interference,

oyou are left to guess about whether or not interference is the problem. Lack of visibility is an issue for IT personnel, especially when the CEO is asking why he was having trouble yesterday connecting in the conference room.

oAnd beyond the issues of control, it’s expensive and time consuming to bring in a consultant to debug these kinds of problems. A single visit and trip report can cost on the order of US $5000 to $10,000.

Summary:

oYou can’t afford to rely on a third party to debug your network.

Myth #10: “I give up. RF is impossible to understand.”

oDon’t despair. Tools are now available that make RF easier to understand, even for those who consider themselves wired network specialists, not wireless experts. For example, Cisco® Spectrum Expert Wi-Fi classifies the sources of your interference, so you don’t need to read the “wiggly lines.” And after we’ve identified the interference, we help you find and eliminate it.

Summary:

oThe cavalry is here!

Myth #11: “Wi-Fi interference doesn’t happen very often.”

oThere is a growing body of evidence that points to the fact that Wi-Fi interference is an extremely common and troublesome issue. Here are a few recent examples:

ØThe technical support engineers at a major Wi-Fi infrastructure vendor reported to Cisco that in a recent service call to a major customer they found almost 20 sources of interference, contributing to over 50 percent of the problems on the customer’s Wi-Fi network.

ØThe manager of a large group of outsourced wireless service representatives stated to Cisco that “one out of every three Wi-Fi problems our service technicians get called out for is related to interference.”

ØIn a recent survey of 300 of their customers, a major Wi-Fi tools provider reported that

ؓtroubleshooting interference won ‘top honours’ as the biggest challenge in managing a Wi-Fi network.”

ØJupiter Research reports 67 percent of all residential Wi-Fi problems are linked to interfering devices, such as cordless phones, baby monitors, and microwave ovens.

Summary:

oThere’s no point burying your head in the sand: Wi-Fi interference happens.

Myth #12: “I should look for interference only after ruling out other problem sources.”

oIn any networking system, it’s critical that the physical layer is solid. When the physical layer is not operating properly, the higher protocol layers tend to operate in inefficient and sometimes confusing ways. For this reason, it always makes sense to verify your physical layer first before going on a wild-goose chase looking higher layer problems.

oAs an analogy, when you hook your computer up to an Ethernet cable and the network does not appear to be working, your first diagnostic step is to look at the lights on the side of your Ethernet adapter.

oIf the lights are not on, there is no point looking for a subtle network configuration problem: you simply don’t have physical layer connectivity.

oThe potential for physical layer problems with Wi-Fi is much worse than with Ethernet. With an Ethernet cable, you worry about the physical-layer connectivity issue only the first time you plug in the cable.

oIf the connection was working that first day, it’s reasonable to expect it will keep working day after day. But in the RF world, the quality of the physical connection can change hour by hour, as people introduce other devices or obstructions into the environment.

Summary:

oAvoid wasting your time. Fix your RF physical layer first.

Myth #13: “There’s nothing I can do about interference if I find it.”

oThe most common cure for interference is simply to replace or remove the offending interference device.

oFor instance, you might replace an old leaky microwave oven or a 2.4-GHz cordless headset used by the receptionist with a different model that operates in a non-Wi-Fi frequency band.

oMany times interference is caused unwittingly by well-intentioned employees. One Wi-Fi administrator found an employee who sat with his back to his door, and had brought in a wireless camera so he could see behind him.

oUnfortunately, it operated at 2.4GHz. In this case, a policy was created to ban these types of devices on the campus.

oAnother solution is to work around the interference device by moving the affected access point, or changing its operating channel to a frequency that is not impacted by the interfering device.

oThis is simple once you understand the location and frequency parameters of the interfering device.

oNote that because some devices frequency-hop (for example, Bluetooth devices) it’s not always possible to change channels and eliminate the interference.

oA final cure is to move or shield the offending device. For example, in a hospital, a piece of equipment that causes RF interference might be isolated to a particular room where Wi-Fi network access is not critical. If that’s not possible, adding electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding can limit propagation of the interference to a small area.

oYou can implement shielding with grounded mesh or foils in the walls (essentially Faraday cages) or with insulating foams or paints.

Summary:

oThere’s always a cure for interference, but you need to know what’s ailing you.

Myth #14: “There are just a few easy-to-find devices that can interfere with my Wi-Fi.”

oWith the huge proliferation of wireless devices in the unlicensed band, it is no longer obvious what might be a source of interference—wireless links are now embedded in watches, shoes, MP3 players, and many other tiny consumer devices.

oIn some cases, previously benign devices have been updated with RF technology.

oMotion detectors, which appear in many offices for lighting control, are a good example. A new breed of hybrid motion detectors uses a combination of passive infra-red sensor (PIR) and 2.4-GHz radar to detect motion.

oThese devices, which look identical to their benign predecessors, generate significant interference that can disrupt your Wi-Fi network.

oUnintentional emitters are also hard to find. A defective ballast on a fluorescent light fixture can generate broadband RF interference that can impact Wi-Fi. This is impossible to identify by simply looking at the device.

o “Hidden devices” are becoming more common as well. We have seen numerous instances where a security group has hidden wireless cameras—unbeknownst to the networking group—not realizing that they are jamming the Wi-Fi network.

Summary:

oYou need the right tool to find interference fast, and it’s not a magnifying glass.

Myth #15: “When interference occurs, the impact on data is typically minor.”

oThe impact of a single interferer on data throughput (or data capacity) of your Wi-Fi network can be astounding.

oThere are three major factors that determine the impact of an interference device:

ØOutput power. The greater the output power, the larger the physical “zone of interference”the device creates.

ØSignal behaviour with respect to time. Analog devices, such as some video cameras and older cordless phones, have a constant always-on signal. Digital devices, such as digital cordless phones, tend to “burst” on and off. Different devices have varying durations of on time and off-time. In general, the greater the percentage of time that the signal is “on” and the more frequently it bursts, the greater the impact it will have on throughput.

ØSignal behaviour with respect to frequency. Some devices operate on a single frequency, and impact specific Wi-Fi channels. Other devices hop from frequency to frequency and impact every channel but to a lesser degree. Some devices, such as microwave ovens and jammers, sweep quickly across the frequency spectrum, causing brief but serious interruptions on many frequencies.

oA recent study undertaken by Far point Research measured the impact of various interference devices on the data throughput of Wi-Fi. At 25 feet from the AP or client, a microwave oven was found to degrade data throughput by 64 percent, a frequency-hopping phone degraded throughput by 19 percent, and an Analog phone and video camera both degraded throughput by 100 percent (in other words, no ability to connect).

Summary:

oInterference can really take the zip out of your Wi-Fi data throughput.

Myth #16 “Voice data rates are low, so the impact of interference on voice over Wi-Fi should be minimal.”

oWith modern voice coding, the data rate of an individual voice call is on the order of 8 Kbps.

oCompared to the maximum throughput of a Wi-Fi network, this seems like a trivial amount, and it therefore seems reasonable to expect that a Wi-Fi access point can handle many concurrent voice-over-IP (VoIP) calls.

oUnfortunately, many factors reduce the number of calls that an access point can handle. First, there is significant VoIP protocol-level overhead, which increases the typical stream to 100 Kbps.

oThen there is additional protocol overhead imposed by Wi-Fi. Second, voice traffic is very sensitive to jitter and delay, requiring extra capacity in the network to minimize congestion. The typical number of voice calls that vendors advertise they can handle with a Wi-Fi access point is only 15.

oWhen interference is introduced, the number of calls that can be handled drops from there.

oIn addition, small amounts of interference seriously impact voice-over-Wi-Fi voice quality.

oA recent study undertaken by Far point Research measured the impact of various interference devices on the mean opinion score (MOS) for voice-over-Wi-Fi calls, and found the voice quality falling to

ounacceptable levels when a microwave, cordless phone, video camera, or co-channel Wi-Fi device was within 25 feet of the access point or phone. And perhaps more importantly, interference creates coverage holes where phone calls will be dropped. An in-house study showed that the effective range of a VoWi-Fi phone drops by 50 percent with an interference device (cordless phone or video camera) at a distance of 75 feet from the access point. This 50 percent reduction in the range of your phones would likely result in coverage holes over 75 percent of your floor space.

Summary:

oCan you hear me now? Voice over Wi-Fi and interference don’t mix.

Myth #17: “Interference is a performance problem, but not a security risk.”

oIf an Internet worm got through your corporate firewall and was using up 50 percent of your corporate network bandwidth as it spread from machine to machine, would you consider that a

osecurity or a performance concern? The point here is that anything that impacts mission-critical corporate IT systems is a security concern. As your corporate Wi-Fi network becomes more and more mission-critical, any possible interference device—whether the interference is malicious, as in the case of a jammer, or accidental—must be viewed as a potential security issue. In addition to RF denial of service, there are several other risks related to non-Wi-Fi RF devices, including:

ØMulti protocol devices. Wi-Fi networks are typically locked down with secure access controls, but devices that run on non-Wi-Fi networks, such as Bluetooth devices, are not.

ØA notebook computer with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity may act as bridge, allowing an intruding device onto the corporate LAN or WLAN. Preventing accidental bridging between insecure networks and the corporate networks requires: 1) client-based tools that control configuration of wireless network interfaces, and 2) RF monitoring that watches for suspicious non-Wi-Fi activity indicating possible bridging.

ØNon-Wi-Fi rogues. Most enterprises implement some form of Wi-Fi rogue access point detection to find unauthorized (and frequently unsecured) access points on the corporate network.

ØBut there are non-Wi-Fi devices (such as Bluetooth access points) that can open up a similar security hole. Like Wi-Fi rogues, these devices must be detected and eliminated.

ØLeakage of sensitive data. Certain non-Wi-Fi devices such as cameras and cordless phones can be used to carry sensitive data out of a restricted area, bypassing corporate security policies. When this is a concern, a zone of restricted wireless operation should be established, and that zone should be enforced through monitoring of the spectrum for unauthorized devices.

Summary:

oRF security doesn’t stop with Wi-Fi. Do you know who is using your spectrum?

Myth #18: “802.11n and antenna systems will work around any interference issues.”

oSystems that use multiple antennas or smart antennas are able to increase immunity to interference by boosting the desired signal seen at a receiver. When the desired signal is stronger, the ratio of that signal to interference (referred to as signal-to-noise ratio or SNR) is also improved.

oEffectively, this reduces the zone of interference associated with a particular interference device to a smaller area. But the gain achieved by a smart antenna system is typically only on the order of 10 dB of enhanced signal power. This means that the range of interference might be shrunk by a factor of 2 over a traditional antenna system, but even then the interference problem is far from solved.

oFor example, if a device would have previously caused problems at a distance of 80 feet from the receiver, it will still cause problems up to 40 feet from the receiver. Thus you would have 5000 square feet of floor space where the interference is still a problem!

Summary:

oAntennas are a pain reliever, but far from a cure.

Myth #19: “My site survey tool can be used to find interference problems.”

oA standard Wi-Fi site survey tool is designed to measure Wi-Fi coverage. It uses a Wi-Fi chipset to measure the signal strength of access points as you move around the building. Unfortunately, Wi-Fi chips are designed to see Wi-Fi signals only, and can’t tell you much about interference from other non-Wi-Fi devices. (This is the same limitation experienced when using a Wi-Fi packet analysis tool). A Wi-Fi site survey tool might indicate a general area where a non-Wi-Fi signal was observed. But the tool can’t help you determine the nature of the interference, the type of device causing it, or where the device is located. So you are left without a solution.

oYou really need an RF-level tool to diagnose interference problems. The good news is that a few of the next generation Wi-Fi site survey tools are being more closely integrated with RF-level tools in order to

oimplement a complete solution.

Summary:

oSite survey tools measure coverage, but don’t solve your RF needs.

Myth #20: “RF analysis tools are too bulky and too expensive.”

oMany RF analysis tools (such as large and expensive spectrum analysers) are not enterprise friendly.

oBut Cisco’s RF spectrum analysis tools are designed to fit both your desired form factor (small cards that plug into your laptop) and your IT budget. And to make things even better, Cisco’s spectrum intelligence solutions makes being a RF expert unnecessary.

Summary:

oLearn more about Cisco’s Spectrum Intelligence solutions at: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9393/index.html

Conclusion

There are many myths about the obstacles to high-performing and reliable WLAN services.

A misunderstanding of the nature Wi-Fi interference underlies many of these myths, as does the belief that better visibility into RF spectrum is a difficult and costly proposition. In fact, the idea that RF spectrum visibility is prohibitively difficult and expensive to achieve may be the most malicious myth of all.

Cisco Unified Wireless Network supports real-time spectrum intelligence for Wi-Fi networks. industry-leading solution detects, classifies, and locates devices causing RF interference in the unlicensed 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz bands.

For information on ways to manage wireless interference, visit the Cisco RF solution page at: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns736/networking_solutions_package.html

All contents are Copyright © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.

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